Inversion modeling is a technique used in geophysics and environmental science to estimate the physical properties of subsurface materials based on observed data. It involves the mathematical process of inverting data collected from seismic, electromagnetic, or other geophysical measurements to create a model of the subsurface structure. This process helps researchers understand the composition and properties of underground materials, such as rock formations, water reservoirs, or mineral deposits. Inversion modeling is commonly used in mineral exploration, energy resource assessment, groundwater studies, and environmental monitoring.